Environmental toxins and fertility: what we know

Everyday chemicals in the environment have raised questions about fertility. Some concerns are backed by evidence and some are not. Here is a balanced overview of what is known and practical steps you can take.

What endocrine disruptors are

According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, endocrine disruptors are natural or man-made chemicals that may mimic, block, or interfere with the body's hormones. They are associated with a wide range of health problems. Examples studied by researchers include bisphenol A (BPA), some pesticides, and PFAS (so-called "forever chemicals").

What we know about fertility

Researchers are still working out how much everyday exposure affects fertility in people. Many studies show associations rather than cause and effect, and there is no test that shows whether chemicals are behind a specific person's infertility. Reducing exposure is reasonable, but it is not a proven fertility treatment.

Well-established risks

Some exposures are clearly linked with health in pregnancy. ACOG recommends stopping tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs before pregnancy, keeping your environment safe, and notes that secondhand smoke can expose a fetus to toxic chemicals.

Practical steps

• Stop smoking and avoid secondhand smoke.
• Limit alcohol, and avoid it if you may be pregnant.
• Avoid heating food in plastic containers; use glass or ceramic instead.
• Wash fruit and vegetables and ventilate your home when cleaning or painting.
• If you work with chemicals, solvents, pesticides, or heavy metals, ask about workplace safety and tell your doctor.

Where diet fits in

A balanced diet with vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and lean protein supports overall health. Folic acid is recommended before pregnancy. No specific food or nutrient has been shown to "detox" the body or reverse infertility.

ACOG recommends a fertility evaluation after 1 year of trying to conceive, or after 6 months if you are older than 35.